National Highways, Motarways and Scope of Road Transport In Pakistan

 

Road Transportation:

Transportation of peoples and goods from one place to the another on roads is known as Road Transportation.

Scope of Road Transportation in Pakistan:

Road transportation is the backbone of Pakistan's transportation system. National Highway and Motorway network is about 9,574 km long which is about 3.65% percent of the total road network.  80 % percent of Pakistan's total traffic is carried out by it. At this time , it's accounting for 96%percentofgoods and 91%  percent of travelers.

1.LowCapitalInvestment:

AscomparetoothertypesoftransportsroadtransportationrequireslowCapital.So,it'scheaptoconstructaroadascomparetoconstructarailwaytrack.

2.Door to Door service:

Road transportation provides door to door service so it's more beneficial than railway which is mostly found in big cities. While roads are present everywhere even in villages.

3.Flexible Services:

Road transportation provides flexible services with adjustment of time and routes according to individuals requirements. While other types of transportation follow a rigid, inflexible schedule of time and route.

4.Employment:

Road transportation provides directly and indirectly employment to many people.

5.Useful for Shorter Distance:

Road transportation is most cost effective, quicker to vehicle people and goods for short distances. For long distances railway is good.

6.CompletingOther Mode of Transports:

With the help of road transport people reach at railway station, airport etc. Road transport provides feeder services to air, ship and  railway transport.

7.Personal Service:

People have their own vehicles so it can also provides personal services. Big business groups have their own vehicles to market their products and provide services to travelers. They are running their own transport setup without any delays, with their own route and time frame. While railway is managed by government.

8.Helpful in the Transportation of Rapidly Decomposing Goods:

Road transportation is helpful in the pickup and distribution of rapidly decomposing goods such as vegetables and fruits, from point of production to point of consumption.

9.Beneficial to Cottage Industries:

Road transportation is helpful to facilitate the mobility of men and goods of industries. Which are mostly away from railway.

10.Reliable Packing Cost:

Goods transported by road transport does not require extra packing to go through handling. So packing costs are much lower than other types of transportation.

Uses of Road Transportation in Pakistan:

There are few uses of road transportation in Pakistan.

1.      Road transportation is very much useful for national marketing. Road transportations can be used to send new products to costumers at any part of our country.

2.      Road transportation increases the marketing, nowadays many marketers have vehicles for efficient marketing

3.      Road transportation increases the operational value of any industry.

4.      Road transportation can be used to motivate and enhance staff value. When an organization provides road transportation to their staff and gives them a car or provides carriages it will obviously motivates staff and enhances the morale.

5.      Due to flexibility advantage of road transportation over other types of transportation it can be used to increase customer satisfaction. Road transportation can be used to deliver goods to final buyer with focus on pickup, delivery, monitoring by using micro processes in transport management.

6.      The cost of production can be reduced by efficient use road transportation. It will increase the profitability of organizations on its products.

7.      Smooth and efficient road transportation prevents the unnecessary delay in products and reduces waste of time therefore increases the productivity.

8.      Road transportation plays an important role both inbound and outbound logistics services.

9.      Delivery of different products to final customers, road transportation is most suitable mode for delivery of products.

10.  The successful management of any origination is depended on effective use of road transportation.

Cottage Industries Or Small Industries Of Pakistan

 

Cottage Industry:

Cottage industry is a small scale business carried on in people's home.

Role of Cottage Industries in the development of Pakistan:-

In Pakistan there are several gains from small-scale industries. In cottage industries with small machines we can manufacture many goods.

Cottage industries or small scale industries are labor-intensive and provide employment to 80% of the industrial labor force. Cottage industries provide opportunities of employment for many people's and families thus un-employment will be reduced in the countary. At homes small scale industries provide employment for the women of rural areas. Women can earn and gain huge economic benefits. In rural areas local natural resources and waste materials can be used very well in the Cottage industries, both industrialist and owner of resources can get benefits. 30% of total Pakistan's foreign exchange is gained by the export of small scale business. Developed areas people gain more income than under developed areas this disparity among different regions will be reduced by Cottage industries. It is possible to help people to establish small-scale business and it creates jobs for unemployed people's. Cottage industries will help to reduce regional economic disparity.Cottage industries reduces the unemployment and offers opportunities for self-employment.As a result of Cottage industries in rural areas migration from rural to urban will be also reduced. When people get jobs in there local areas they will not move to urban areas for jobs.Employed people are  gainfull in villages, the migration of people from rural to urban areas will reduce. Cottage industries fulfil the needs of local people with cost effective price. Cottage industries decreases the burden of import and save foreign exchange.

Small-scale business in Pakistan are important in rural set-up. In most villages people have carpenters, blacksmiths, craftsmen,potters, cotton weavers etc. In villages many families depend upon small industries for income.Because they don't have other opportunities for gaining income so they make small-industries to make money and get economic benefits.

Cottage industries also have gained very much importance in the cities, towns etc. Traditional bangles , hand - woven carpets, rugs, brasswares, and embroidered work are in great demand. In rural and urban areas a program for cottage industries is likely to be achievable.

Benefitsofthissectorinthecountry:

There are a few benefits of Cottage industries in the development of Pakistan:

1.      Cottage industries provide about 80% of employment to the industries. Cottage industries provide opportunities for self employment and reduces unemployment.

2.      Cottage industries provide a great opportunities of employment for which cannot work outside in our society. They can make bangles,hand-wovencarpets,rugs etc from there home by which women can gain employment.

3.      Cottage industries also provide cost-effective goods for local demands and save foreign exchange.

4.      In international market there is a demand forhand-wovencarpets,rugs and handi-crafts etc.We can gain 30% income from manufacturing mentioned goods.

5.      In the villages when families are employed, migration from rural to urban areaswill be reduced. The problems of urban areas such as transportation , sanitation, pollution, crimes, housing, health and education will be reduced.

6.      When cottage industries are expanded the regional disparity in the income of peoples will be reduced specially in the under developing districts.

7.      Cottage industries make sure effective uses of local raw materials. By which agriculture and mining will be promoted.

8.      Cottage industries does not require high capital and much money. So it is suited to traditional economic.

9.      In cottage industries modern technology and importedmaterialsare not required too much.

10.  Large-scale industries waste material can be used to produce by products. Such as sugar, cotton and steel industries.

Irrigation And Issues of Farmers Of Pakistan

Irrigation:

The artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of tubes, pumps and sprays is known as irrigation.

AgricultureisanimportantsectorofPakistan’seconomyasitisconsideredasthebackboneofPakistan's economicstructure.Pakistanreliesheavilyonitsproductioni.e.crops.Pakistan’spopulationisdirectlysupportedbythissector.Agriculture contributes26%toitsGDP.Our countryholdsoneofthelargestirrigationsystemswhichheavilysupportproductioninPakistan.Inordertoimproveproductioninour country,theresourcesmustbefullyutilizedmainlylandandwater,butthisalterationmainlydependsuponbiglandholdersbecause40%ofthearablelandhasbeenownedbythemhencetheycontrolmostoftheirrigationsystemthusstoppinganyrapidandfrequentagriculturalreforms.

Onemustconcludethatagriculture sectorplaysacentralroleandoutofthetotalpopulation,42.3%peoplehasbeenabsorbedbythesector.This sectorisakeysourceofforeignexchangeearnings.Withpassageoftime,populationisincreasingdaybydaythusdemandinggovernmenttotakesuitablemeasuresforbetterannualproductioninthecountry.Theperformanceduring2017-2018showedaremarkablegrowthof3.8%.Thiswasdonewiththehelpofsupportivegovernmentpolicies,availabilityofbettercertifiedseeds,pesticidesetc.Thecropsectorrecordedagrowthrateof3.83%ascompared0.91%inthelastyear.Agriculturaldevelopmentalsoraisesthecontributionforindustrialdevelopment.

DifferentwaysofirrigationinPakistan:

Irrigation system of Pakistan have multiple components for example Rivers, canals barrages, head work’s, dams and tube wells (on smaller scale).

·         Rivers:

There are five main rivers of Pakistan.

·         Indus River:

Indus River is longest and largest river of Pakisran. Indus receives water of five rivers of Punjab i. The Jhelum ii. Chenab,  iii. Ravi,iv. Beas and v. Sutlej. After recieving water of these river The Indus River becomes largest river of Pakistan.

·         Dams:

Dam is a barrier to hold water and forming a reservoir to generate electricity or as a water supply.Travels dam is main which is constructed on Indus river.

·         Barrages:

A barrage is an artificial barrier on a river to prevent flooding , aid irrigation or to generate electricity.There areabout 16 barrages among which  six barrages are on the Indus river: i.Guddu Barrage, ii.Sukkur Barrage, iii.Kotri Barrage, iv. Taunsa Barrage, v.Chashma Barrage and vi.Jinnah Barrage.

·         Cannals:

A cannal is an artificial waterway constructed to convey water for irrigation.Thereare about 12 linked and 45 normal cannals in Pakistan.

Issuesfacedbythefarmersof Pakistan:

i. Lack of water:

Due to several reasons farmer use insufficient amount of water for there crops.

ii. Lack of modernization:

Former uses primitive cultivation methods such as traditional-plough methods etc in mostly areas. There is a very little use modern equipment.

iii.Dependence on traditional crops:

Many farmers depend on traditional crops such as wheat, rice and cotton. And they don't follow nation-wide agricultural plan.

iv. Poor Storage Facilities:

In rural areas due to poor storage facilities farmers usually have no other option than selling their products immediately at low market price.

v. Transportation Problems:

Lack of cheap and efficient transportation is a big problem seen by Pakistani farmers, small farmers still rely on bullock carts for transportation of their produces. Due to farmers can not sell there products in central markets so they sell there products in local markets at low price.

vi. High Interest Rates:

Most farmers take agricultural debt from local businessmen for cultivation  in the forms of seeds, pesticides and  fertilizers.

vii. Government Schemes:

Mostly big/wealthy landlords take benefits from government schemes while small farmers cannot get sufficient benefits from these schemes. 

Mineral Resources And There Advantages In The Development Of Pakistan

Minerals:

Amineral is anaturally occuring inorganic substance that is a key material basis for socio-economic development..

Mineral Resources of Pakistan:

Pakistan has deposits of  mineral resources such as coal, copper, gold, limestoneetc. Just like other developing countries Pakistan has not yet been able to promote growth and alleviate poverty by using our mineral resources to the maximum extent possible. Pakistan is taking advantage about 52 Minerals but at small scale. Coal, rock salt and other construction materials are mostly produced. The mineral sector is mostly concentrated about five main minerals such as limestone, coal,gypsum, sulphur, crude oil and natural gas.Mineral sector is currently contributing about 0.5% of GDP.

Pakistan is a country with large deposits of minerals provides a sound base for the development of a large number of Industries viz, Iron & Steel, Petrochemicals, Cement, Pottery etc. Various mineral deposits discovery provides employment to a large number of persons living in these areas, and improves their economic conditions. The availability of mineral resources in the country reduces the import bill of many items like, oil, chemicals etc. The mining sector thus makes a significant contribution to GDP.

Pakistan has been quite resources compared developing countries rich in mineral to many other of the world. Earmarked for minerals. (i) Hazard for Bauxite (ii) Chiral for Iron (iii) North-east Baluchistan and adjacent parts of Waziristan for Coal, Chromite, Copper and Marble (iv) ThePostwar Plateau for Oil, Natural Gas, Coal (v) The Salt Range and Malarial region for Rock salt,Coal and Gypsum (vi) Lower Indus plain for Gas, Oil and Coal.

The advantages of mineral resources in the development of the countary:

1.Copper and Gold:

Due the huge investment in the development of Saindak copper and gold deposit it's important resource of Pakistan. Major investment opportunities in Copper and Gold sectors are :

·         Modern Copper and Gold mining projects

·         Copper and Gold refining plants

2.Iron Ores:

In Punjab iron Ores are present in large deposits.In Pakistan about 1.427 billion metric tons of reserves of various grades of iron Ores are found. MajorinvestmentopportunitiesinIron sectorare:

·         Modern iron ore mining machines

·         Iron ore processing and steel productionplant

3.Gypsum:

In Khyber Pakhtonkhwa largest resources of Gypsum are found.GeologicalSurveyofPakistan(GSP)estimatestherearetotal185billiontonscoalreservesofPakistanamongwhich184billiontonsreservesareintheSindh.MajorinvestmentopportunitiesinGypsum sectorare:

·         High quality plants of plaster of Paris

·         Modern machinery for gypsum sector

4.Chromite:

In Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtynkhwa largest reserves of Chromite are found. Pakistan can become a major exporter of Chromite.MajorinvestmentopportunitiesinChromite sectorare:

·         Chromite production plant

·         Ferrochrome production plant

5.Coal:

Geological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) estimates there are total 185 billion tons coal reserves of Pakistan among which 184 billion tons reserves are in the Sindh.In Balochistan about 217 million tons of coal reserves are found. And in Punjab about 235 million tons coal reserves are found.MajorinvestmentopportunitiesinCoal sectorare:

·         Energy power plants running on coal

·         Washing plants for coal

·         Briquetting plant for coal

6.Natural Gas:

About 31 trillion cubic feet are the total natural gas reserves in the Pakistan. Which are mostly found in Balochistan and Sindh.GeologicalSurveyofPakistan(GSP)estimatestherearetotal185billiontonscoalreservesofPakistanamongwhich184billiontonsreservesareintheSindh.

7.Natural Oil:

Natural Oil is mostly found in Sindh and Punjab.

8.China Clay:

It's found in Sindh.It's also known as Kaolin. It contains 16-31 clay.

9.Limestone:

High quality Limestone is mainly found in Khyber Pakhtonkhwa and Northern areas of Pakistan. Around 8697 Metric tons is average annual production its used mainly in the manufacture of cement, road making, building construction and in the chemical industries.

Advantages Of Forests And Shortage Of Forest In Pakistan

Forest:

                       A large area of land that is covered with trees is known as forest.

Advantages of Forests:

Following are advantages of forests.

i. Oxygen provider:

Forests help maintain oxygen level in the environment which help the breathing of human and animals.

ii. Soil erosion reducer:

Forests reduce soil erosionand damage by slowing the flow of water during flood.

iii.Flood Controller:

Forests help in avoiding extremes of water flow which prevents flood.

iv. Economically important for humans:

Forests provide humansemployment, income,food,fibre,honey, wood and timber which can be exported and are used in making homes and furniture etc.

v.Habitat:

Forests are habitat for many kinds of animals, birds and reptiles etc.

vi. Reduces Pollution:

Forests reduces air pollution by converting carbon dioxide into oxygen which helps in the maintaining atmospheric temperature. Forests also reduces noise pollution.Forests help in the cleansing of air, water and soil.

viiRecycling:

Forestshelpintherecyclingofnutrients.

 

viii. Medicine provider:

Differnt types of herbal medicine are found in forest which helps in the maintaining of human health. Such Sticta Pulmonaria or lungwort is a medicine which is found in forests and it is used in different kinds of lung diseases.

ix. Ecosystem friendly:

Forestsareecosystemfriendlyandtheyregulatestheecosystemandclimate.

x.Climate friendly:

Crowns of trees hold the moisture it makes forests cool in the summer and warm in the winter.

Why forestsinpakistanare verylessthantherequirement:

Pakistan is forest deficient countary it has only 2% forests of there agriculture land. Following are main reasons that's why Pakistan has less forests than the requirements.

1. Timber Mafia:

Timber Mafia sells wood such as Deodar and other trees with almost 10% profit.

2.Unemployment:

Due to high population growth rate and unemployment with no other major economic activities, lumbering activities are major employer.

3.Low regeneration rate:

Such as Juniper forests have a low regeneration rate. Once they arecutted down or firewood no other alternatives were planted.

4.Intensive Cattle Rearing:

Due intensive Cattle Rearing shrubs and grasses of plataeu are diminshed.

5.Clearing of Forests for crops:

Extended irrigation system led to clearing of forests for tending crops.

6.Desert Conditions:

Almost desert conditions in the countary,persistently draughts have worsen the conditions.

7.Poor Communities Consumption:

Poor communities consumes wood and charcoal as a source of energy.

8. Lack ofPolicy :

Stakeholders lack of involvement in policy making there is no strong policy for forests management.

Features And Issues Of Hydrology Sector Of Pakistan

 

Dam, structure built across a stream, a river, or an estuary to retain water. Dams are built to provide water for human consumption, for irrigating arid and semiarid lands, or for use in industrial processes. They are used to increase the amount of water available for generating hydroelectric power, to reduce peak discharge of floodwater created by large storms or heavy snowmelt, or to increase the depth of water in a river in order to improve navigation and allow barges and ships to travel more easily. Dams can also provide a lake for recreational activities such as swimming, boating, and fishing. Many dams are built for more than one purpose; for example, water in a single reservoir can be used for fishing, to generate hydroelectric power, and to support an irrigation system. Water-control structures of this type are often designated multipurpose dams.

Auxiliary works that can help a dam function properly include spillways, movable gates, and valves that control the release of surplus water downstream from the dam. Dams can also include intake structures that deliver water to a power station or to canals, tunnels, or pipelines designed to convey the water stored by the dam to far-distant places. Other auxiliary works are systems for evacuating or flushing out silt that accumulates in the reservoir, locks for permitting the passage of ships through or around the dam site, and fish ladders (graduated steps) and other devices to assist fish seeking to swim past or around a dam.

A dam can be a central structure in a multipurpose scheme designed to conserve water resources on a regional basis. Multipurpose dams can hold special importance in developing countries, where a single dam may bring significant benefits related to hydroelectric power production, agricultural development, and industrial growth. However, dams have become a focus of environmental concern because of their impact on migrating fish and riparian ecosystems. In addition, large reservoirs can inundate vast tracts of land that are home to many people, and this has fostered opposition to dam projects by groups who question whether the benefits of proposed projects are worth the costs.

All that area of blue waterways is flowing into the Indus, and down through the country. These rivers include large gatherings into the Chenab, Sutlej, Zaskar, Nubra, and Shyok, all of which spill into the Indus. Yes it does include some parts of northern India/Kashmir and eastern Afghanistan. But note how it also covers almost all of the land in northern Pakistan. So in the end, almost every drop of rain that falls on Pakistan, from the northern mountains, to the deserts, to the heartland, to the Iranian border, all of it already flows further on into Pakistan for use. In the end, there's only a few tiny slivers of land in the country where water falling on the country is lost by flow to other countries (such as places like near Chaman). What may be confusing about the image you gave is the gray colors up in the north, nearer the Basha [as well as in southwestern Pakistan]. But those colors aren't showing that water there isn't coming into Pakistan, but only that that area isn't irrigated land. Basically all the water in those gray areas, like the Pakistani portions of the Hindu-Kush/Himalayas/Karakoam Mountains, flows down into the Indus and through Pakistan. Plus even more additional water from neighboring countries. So in other words Pakistan gets more water than what falls on it. Other countries definitely aren't so lucky. And that water is already coming down into the rest of the country. In terms of feeding the country, irrigation could maybe be expanded a bit... but I believe the problem isn't just the lack of water... but that a lot of the rest of the soil is fairly poor for growing. The book Pakistan's Soil Resources (available online) classifies more than 1/4 of the country's soil potential as "Agriculturally unproductive or non-agricultural land" due to wind erosion, salinity, extremely low, etc. (Some additional land might be made arable by leeching down salt levels, but I believe it would take long periods of time and great amounts of water. Soil Quality and Agricultural Sustainability, by Rattan Lal, (Google Books preview) looks to include some interesting description of the greater complexities and some long-term potentials of many areas of the world, including Pakistan.) On the other hand, it sounds like the more urgent concern maybe isn't eating but drinking? (Disappointingly, I think you'll find that most other parts of the world probably aren't very aware of your problem... I certainly wasn't). Unfortunately this problem trend is showing up in many other places, such as well-publicized recent issues in southwestern South Africa. In the end, the primary problem for much of Pakistan's population likely doesn't stem from the complete lack of water... but instead from the lack of needed infrastructure, pollution issues, and mismanagement, as this article alludes to. These are issues that the entire world does struggle with (such as the troubles in Flint in the USA). There are already some parts of the world there are literally growing concerns of not enough water existing in entire regions to sustain it whatsoever (such as in the SW US/impacting NW Mexico) But if the Indus is flowing steadily down to the ocean through your country (please do indicate if it’s not, the problem may be more serious then!!), it's not a matter of no water, it's the challenge of detouring enough to areas to meet needs, and keeping it clean. Karachi does look a bit of a challenge area on a map. The good news is it's only 60 miles from the Indus. Quite a few places source their water from such a distance - some places even do get it from hundreds of miles away, even from the far side of mountain ranges as you kind of suggested. But the unique challenge is likely how flat the land is in the south nearer Karachi. Places like California and Rome can take advantage of elevation to better feed the distant water via gravity. Karachi on the other hand may require much more pumping to get the water from the Indus, and that might well not be cheap/easy over even distances like 50 miles? (As noted, it looks like most of the N Pakistani Mountains are south of the continental divide, so almost all their water flows your way already. The few miles of snowpack flowing into Tajikistan and such a) may well be needed by their people and b) could be diverted into the Indus with some effort... but that won't solve problems if the Indus is already steadily flowing. The Suleiman Range might offer some options to divert a little more water west of the Indus using tunnels like in the LA Aqueduct... but that would depend a great deal on the specifics of the topography and precipitation levels in those mountains for feasibility.) So, indeed, all that water from your mountains is indeed flowing right through the heart of Pakistan, "right by your window" almost (plus the gift of extra input from areas of far northern India). It's just getting it from the Indus to where it's needed. And it just needs to be taken care of carefully.

 

Agriculture And Issues of Farmers of Pakisran

Agriculture is the of process of cultivation of land or soil for production purpose”. Agriculture plays a very vital role for economy of Pakistan and its development. 48% of labor force is engaged directly with agriculture. So it is the main source of living or income of the major part of economy population. About 70% of population is relates to agriculture directly or indirectly. Agriculture is the major source of food of huge population of Pakistan. Agriculture is also the major source of provision of raw martial to industrial sector of Pakistan. Its contribution towards GDP is about 25% which is higher than contribution of any other sector. Following are the main points of importance of agriculture for Pakistan economy.

Source of employment:

Pakistan as developing economy the employment on consistent level has much importance. In this behalf agriculture has much importance because it provides employment directly or indirectly to the public. Employment directly affects the GSP of economy as well as the per capita income. With the increase in per capita income living standard increases, higher hygiene facilities & better education facilities are also increases. All these signs are the factors of economic development. So we can say that agriculture has a great contribution toward economic development by providing the employment.

Food requirement:

Population growth rate of Pakistan is increasing rapidly. According to UNDP human development report population growth rate of Pakistan is 2% per year. So with the rapidly increasing population the food requirement is also increasing rapidly. In this behalf agriculture is the only the major sector which is the meeting the increasing requirement of food. It also reduces the import of food from other economies. So we can say that agriculture sector is playing very vital role in development of Pakistan by providing the food for massive population as well as supporting the economic growth.

Contribution in exports:

Major exports or cash crops of Pakistan are wheat, rice and cotton. 9.8 billion Bales of cotton are produced per year. Rice crop is produced 4.3 million ton per year. These agricultural commodities are exported to various countries against foreign exchange. This foreign exchange is utilized for the import of industrial or technological equipment’s such as machinery or automobiles. Further this foreign exchange is utilized to improve the infrastructure of economy or for improving the other sector of economy like education, health and investments.

Raw material for industries:

Industries have great importance for the development of any country specially for developing economies like Pakistan. Industries need raw material to produce finish goods. In Pakistan agriculture provides raw material to industries. Cotton is very important agricultural production which is also major export of Pakistan. It is used as raw material in textile industries. The production of these textile industries is exported to various countries against foreign exchange. Live stock is also an agricultural sector. It also plays very important role to export goods by providing the raw material to various industries like sports goods industries and leather industries. So in this way agriculture helps to Pakistan economy and its growth toward development.

Infrastructural development:

Infrastructure plays very important role to development of any economy. It is fuel to the economy development. Well organized infrastructure is a key to development because of quick means of transportation of agricultural goods or commodities (raw material or finish goods) and communication. On distribution purpose of agricultural products good and quick means of transportation are required this intends to improve the infrastructure rapidly. So agriculture play important role to the development of transportation for the purpose of distribution of goods.

Increase in GDP level:

Agriculture has huge contribution toward GDP of Pakistan economy. It contributes about 25% of total GDP, which is larger than other sectors of Pakistan. Increase in GDP shows the developing progress of the economy. It has played very important role since independence toward GDP of Pakistan. Now agriculture is the 3rd largest sector of contributing to GDP. Livestock and fisheries are the huge sector of agriculture in order to providing the employment. Employment contribute to GDP, it is as with the increase in employment the per capita income will increase which results to increase in GDP rate of the economy.

Decreasing in rural poverty:

Agriculture sector has played very important role in order to reduction of rural poverty. Since 1975 to 2000 the GDP growth rate of agriculture was about 4.1% per year. Green revolution technology in irrigation, improved seeds and fertilizers played very vital role to increase the agricultural production which results in increase in GDP. Through this technology farmers with land gain the opportunity to increase their production. So in this way arable lands became cultivated lands and farmers got the market of agricultural products against some return.

Development of banking sector:

Agriculture has also contributed a great role toward the development of banking sector. As the government realized the importance of agriculture, it takes steps to improve the productivity of crops by providing the credit facilities to the farmers at low interest rates. With utilizing these credits farmers can produce more and more crops. For this purpose government established the ZTBL and other financial institutes for the provision of credit facilities. So in this way development of banking sector takes place.

Farm mechanization:

Introduction of farm mechanization in agricultural sector had played very effective role in the development of economy. With the use of modern machinery in agricultural lands causes more and high quality production of crops. So the provision of raw material to the industries increases. Due to increase in productivity level the export rate of major export crops is increased which causes foreign exchange and economic development.

Use of Nanotechnology:

In agricultural sector use of modern technology like nanotechnology has played very vital role in the development of economy. This technology is used for producing the high yielding variety with high quality products. High quality products results into high rate of return to the farmers and the per capita income of farmer increases. Increase in per capita income shows the growth of economy toward development.

Role of dairy farming:

Dairy farming from agricultural sector has also played a great role in economic development. Livestock or dairy farming has huge contribution toward economic growth. The annual protein per capita is 18 kg of meat and 155 litters of milk. This is the highest rate in South Asia. Milk and meat and their byproducts have a good market. Farmers can receive a good return by producing and providing these products to the market. This process results into increase in per capita income as well as increase in national income of the economy.

Role of textile industries:

In economic development textile industries plays very important role. These industries totally depend on agriculture production in raw form. Cotton is the major crop which is used as raw material for these industries for production purpose. Further these products are exported to many economies against foreign exchange. So cotton as raw material from agriculture side contributes toward increase in NI (National Income). Textile industries also provide employment level which increases the per capita income of the person. So we can say that contribution of textile industries in the development of economy has much importance.

Role of sugar industries:

Sugar industry is also one of the major sectors of economy which has great importance according to development of economy. This is totally agricultural based industry. Sugar cane is produced on very large scale in many areas of Pakistan. This further supplies to sugar industries for the production of sugar and other by products which has great market. As large scale industries these also helps to provide employment level to the public. This results into increase in per capita income as well as improves living standards.

Rice Export Corporation:

Many areas of Pakistan have much importance according to the production of rice crop. In some areas the world most famous rice crop is produced. A huge quantity is exported to many economies against foreign exchange. This foreign exchange is further utilized in import of some other products like modern technology or machinery or this is utilized for the improvement of infrastructure of the economy.

Role of fishery:

Fishing industry plays very important role in the development of national economy. With a coastline of 814 km Pakistan has enough resources for that remains to fully development. This is also the major export of Pakistan.

Forestry:

About 4% of land is covered with forests in Pakistan. This is the major source of paper, lumber, fuel wood, and latex medicine. It is also used for the purpose of wildlife conservation and ecotourism.

Measure to improve the efficiency of agricultural sector for development of economy:

Yield collection problems:

The collection of yield from small farmers is very expensive & difficult process. So it is a great problem of marketing. There should be some easy way for collection of yield from the farmers.

Rough grading Products:

Commodities or products which are graded have higher price in the market. In Pakistan mixing of poor & good qualities are common. So grading problems must reduce.

Storage problems:

The storage facilities in markets are not enough, seller cannot store & wait for a higher price of the product due to lack of warehouses. Because of this some perishable produce suffers loss.

Middleman’s role:

The middleman takes a big share of farmer crop without doing anything. The farmers borrow the money from them & sell their products at low prices. So this is a big loss to the farmers.

Transportation problems:

Our sources of transportation are insufficient, so regular supply of product is not possible to the market. The village are not properly linked to the markets. For proper provision of products to the market there must be sufficient as well as fast means of transportation.

Revenue system:

Our farmers have to pay land revenue after the harvesting of each crop, so it forces the farmers to sell their produce at low price.

Market Advisory Committee (MAC):

MAC (Market Advisory Committee) at district and tehsil level should be set up to provide technical advice and information to co-operative marketing societies. The officers of co-operative & agriculture department should be the members of the committee.

Market reforms:

The government should improve the markets system. Strict rules and laws should be introduced. The prices of agricultural products should be checked by the inspectors in the market.